Have difficult struggles

in trying to achieve their objectives and I know each of you on paths with your projects
and I'm curious to hear what is your next set of challenges that you have to overcome to
push forward your objectives that you are trying to bring and if you can make the comments kind
of brief and then we can cirle around. Do you want to start at the end.

Well as I've mentioned in my talk, we're trying to take 80,000 famililies in Africa out of poverty in the next 3 years
and to be honest, your biggest challenge with this is raising the funds in order to do that.
We know how to do it we just have to put this in place and make it happen.

Well in my opinion, the most important thing that we are facing now is that in the world of politicians they want to avoid every
risk for every citizen and it makes our society quite dangerous and I hope to bring in the risk management theory, that people are a
little bit saying what type of risk is acceptable and political way of what society we want and that could change our world
immense because the avoidance of risk leads to a fairly dangerous society I'm a afraid of.

For our current, the one ongoing now, probably our biggest challenged to maintain this is that there is lot of manual activity. It
quite intensive to keep the sequences developed, validated and ready to go on schedule to be up to the space craft and there when it needs them
and we are working at automating with software and more advanced techniques more and more of this as we go along. I have no doubt
about what we will succeed but it is a, it remains a challenged at this point. Beyond that, for the next mission, the primary interest is Titan.
We've learned enough about Titan now to know how to focus future missions

but obviously there are differing opinions. Different of the scientists have different views. Should we send balloon's that can float and
touch down at various points on the surface. Should we have rovers. Could rovers in fact be able to navigate the surface. What
other approaches might we use. Winged aircraft have been proposed although I thing the majority of the community hasn't taken
that very seriously. So where we go next is going to depend a lot on the enginuity of both the engineers and the scientists.


Our challenge has always been funding and we've always chosen not to take government funding. Not so much on principle but
the funding for oceans have been so scarce, we have very good friends there and I'd hate to try and compete with them.
So we've always found ways

of digging into our pockets, building, actually spinning off companies and actually trying to earn real money but after 15 years
we've solved a lot of the problems and we now need to get our and get down there so we have a bigger challenge with funding
except that I think that we, I think that we can now actually approach, I hesitate to say venture capital but you know, we are
looking for access to two thirds of the planet. That should be able to get some kind of return there.

I think the challenge with any Ai based technology or the question for any IA based technology is it practical for
broad use. Can you develop enough content relying on this technology and will it work reliably enough. We've made
good strides along those lines with the, for example, the tatical Iraqi course that I showed you has over a thousand lesson
pages, eight different scenes with multiple characters and that's one of three different courses that we are working on. But
our big challenge is to keep pushing on this, to continue develop the tools and the methods to reduce the cost of
development of this new type of language and culture learning content so that we can create more of these kinds of
courses and get them out there.

For our side, we've proven I think the basic capability that silicon can be considered an optical material, which two
or three years ago I think many people didn't think, besides my wife probably, who didn't know better but just, there's two things.
One is there is a big difference between making some lab measurements on a few wafers and taking this high volume. Driving it into a PC
server environment with two hundred millions units a year is a significant effort of quality, reliability, performance. At the same time we
want to drive that performance. You know, it's not 10GHz, 40GHz, 100GHz internet continues, bandwidth demands continues. So it's
sort of a two-pronged effort. Continue to push the building blocks. More important, begin to productionize some of this technology
and hopefully get it out to the end user.

Great, any question out here we can jump to.

Over here. Just wait for the mic for a second.

Yes, regarding the road systems. You said you wished that the politicians would have a change of point of view, less adverse to risk. Do you think it's
a political issue or is it an issue that needs tort reform.

Well I try this as well

I mostly think it's a political issue because what poloticians allowed is to change our world not in a democracy but in a sectoracy.
It all different sectors are primary in charge of our public space and public spaces is of everything. I think that politicians
should take over again what's going on with our public space. You let it erode. You let our heritage erode and let
social structure errod just caused by engineers. So I would hope that politicians take over but it takes courage also to
to tell people that part of risk is part of freedom. And that you should stop eliminating all the risks of people because people are not that
(inaudible) as what we think as engineers and as you would love to bring in society again as in charge or the public space and politicians should
take over and tell engineers what to do instead of the other way around.

Great, another question out here. Right here. Just wait for the mic I think she's coming.

I have a question for Martin Fisher. You talked about the woman having to save for nine months before she could buy the pump. Have
you though about micro financing for the consumers in your model.

Absolutely and micro finance has done wonderful things in many, many parts of the world. Just for those of you who are not familiar with. It's a way
of enabling very, very poor people to get small loans. The challenge of micro finance unfortunately is that in rural Africa micro
finance has not had much success. In urban and parry urban Africa, it's been quit easy and worked very, very well. But in rural Africa you have
people that are very disperse and they live on their farm and work on their farm. There is not the natural community that micro finance is based on.
We are in the process though of developing a financing mechanism which will be a little different than micro finance. We'll work through our 250
retail shops and will have independent agency go out on bicycles and visit the farms in order to do that because certainly
financing will enable many more people to access these technologies. Thank you. Back here.

Question for Martin Fisher. Do you have any experience in the application of

Hydraulic water ramp pumps as a means of supplying water. This is an acient technology and it became obsolete from the
invention of electric motors but I believe that in third world countries it has a major contribution.

Right, hydraulic ramp pumps just for those of you again who are not familiar with it is where you take the water power flowing water. If you
have a stream which is flowing downhill or a waterfall, you can take the power of that water and pump water uphill by using that water power basically by
compressing air and pumping little bits of water up. It's a fantastic technology, low cost and robust. The real
challenge with the technology is that it does require fast flowing water or a fairly large head of water and very, very few people can benefit from that and
it also requires a fairly substantial upstream investment litterally in terms of the piping that brings the water down into
the ram. So in that place it's a little bit too expensive. I've seen many ram pumps in unique locations in Africa and they do work well.


Great, well I've got another question for you guys. A couple of things have been circulating around is that there is,

you guys are champions in each of your space and I'm kind of curious how you manage your smaller teams and what you do to
provide sort of keep the momentum going and the things are idea killer in your or things that slow down actually the
innovation process and the efforts that are part of your projects. I try to minimize the bureaucracy right. I probably spend a lot of my time
dealing with big companies this thing called HR, people management, all those things. And I think if you can keep the
technical team focused. Leave them an environment with as little red tape as possible and also be willing to when you see a
technology. You know it's often what you end up with is not what you start and I think true innovation is seeing something, udnerstanding what you have but then
having the hindsight to actually apply it to a different area as opposed to saying no this is what to saying no this is what we are trying to do and I think
that's the real opportunity.

So I take my role as evangelist very seriously and you know if there were a religion of tactical language and culture then
I guess I would be

the high priest or something like that. I really try to instill in the people that work with me a belief and a passion of what we are
doing is no only worthwhile but important for world today. So for first of all. Secondly I really try to set the
standard in terms of all quality of what we are doing. So for example, I learned all my Arabic from the program that I just showed
you. The reason for that is I make a point of trying out all of the material that we produce seeing does it work,
can we make it better, what can we do to make it better and then try to, try to promote that kind of thinking. You know, what can we do
do improve how this is working, how we are doing it and I think that goes a long way and than of course looking for the best people I
can find to actually execute, to actually make this thing go.

I think the biggest idea killer is funding. Any funding source. This is a good place to point finger and also just
a rather extraordinary lack of imagination that we humans have. As for keeping a team going, one thing really
worthwhile saying is

a few years ago we built some craft commercially with a team of twenty engineers. We were actually sponsored by
HP and Order Desk and with that software we reduced our team to 4 and when you reduce the team to 4, each one is so
productive. There is so little overhead burden in terms of communications. You just don't have any problems. The whole thing
really starts singing like a well oiled machine. Presumably you've got good 4 people right. I mean, presumably you have the 4 that are really
good team members as well. I think once you get down. If you are trying to do something like we're trying to do and you get down to 4l people,
what everyone does is completely transparent and they have to be good and I think that shows. One other comment is that
given the software I wa